Clinical meaning
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible bronchospasm, airway edema, and excessive mucus production. Mast cell degranulation releases histamine and leukotrienes causing immediate bronchoconstriction. Over time, chronic inflammation leads to airway remodeling with smooth muscle hypertrophy and subepithelial fibrosis.
Exam relevance
Risk factors: - Family history of asthma or atopy - Personal history of allergies or eczema - Environmental tobacco smoke exposure - Respiratory viral infections in childhood - Obesity - Air pollution exposure - Occupational irritants
Diagnostics: - Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and pattern - Monitor oxygen saturation continuously during exacerbation - Observe for accessory muscle use and nasal flaring - Listen for wheezing during auscultation - Monitor peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) as ordered - Report findings to RN or physician promptly