Clinical meaning
Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the meninges (protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) most commonly caused by Neisseria meningitidis or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacteria enter the subarachnoid space and trigger a severe inflammatory response with neutrophil infiltration, increased vascular permeability, and cerebral edema. The resulting increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) can cause brain herniation and death. The nurse monitors neurological status, vital signs, and implements infection control measures as delegated, reporting changes immediately.
Exam relevance
Risk factors: - Close living quarters (dormitories, military barracks) - Immunocompromised state - Lack of meningococcal vaccination - Recent upper respiratory infection or ear infection - Age extremes (neonates and elderly) - Asplenia or complement deficiency - Skull fracture or neurosurgical procedure
Diagnostics: - Monitor vital signs frequently, reporting fever, tachycardia, or signs of shock - Perform and document neurological checks as directed: level of consciousness, pupil reactivity - Report any new neurological findings immediately: confusion, seizures, focal deficits - Monitor for signs of increased ICP: altered consciousness, vomiting, headache - Assist with positioning for lumbar puncture as directed