Clinical meaning
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of prematurity resulting from immature lung tissue exposed to supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Oxidative stress and barotrauma arrest alveolar and vascular development, leading to fewer, larger alveoli with thickened interstitium. This impairs gas exchange and increases work of breathing in the developing infant.
Exam relevance
Risk factors: - Gestational age < 28 weeks - Birth weight < 1000 grams - Mechanical ventilation with high pressures/FiO2 - Patent ductus arteriosus - Neonatal sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis - Chorioamnionitis - Fluid overload in neonatal period
Diagnostics: - Monitor oxygen saturation continuously (target per unit protocol, often 90-95%) - Monitor respiratory rate, effort, and work of breathing - Observe for signs of respiratory distress (retractions, nasal flaring, grunting) - Monitor weight daily (fluid status assessment) - Report oxygen requirement changes to RN