Clinical meaning
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, typically arising from glandular epithelial cells (adenocarcinoma) in the peripheral zone of the prostate. It is generally slow-growing and predictable in progression. Cancer cells may remain localized for years or metastasize to nearby lymph nodes, bone (especially vertebrae and pelvis), liver, and lungs. Tumor growth is largely driven by androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone). The nurse monitors for urinary symptoms, provides comfort measures, supports patients through diagnostic and treatment phases, and reports changes to the healthcare team.
Exam relevance
Risk factors: - Age over 50 years (risk increases significantly with age) - Black men (highest incidence and mortality rates) - First-degree relative with prostate cancer (2-3x increased risk) - High intake of red meat and high-fat dairy products - Obesity - Exposure to Agent Orange or cadmium - Western diet high in refined carbohydrates
Diagnostics: - Report patient complaints of urinary symptoms: hesitancy, weak stream, frequency - Assist with preparation for digital rectal exam (DRE) as directed - Monitor PSA results as reported and notify RN of elevated values - Report any new bone pain, especially in the back or hips - Monitor post-procedure vitals after prostate biopsy as directed