Clinical meaning
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It is broadly classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, ~85%) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC, ~15%). NSCLC includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Carcinogens (primarily cigarette smoke) cause DNA mutations leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Tumors can obstruct airways, invade surrounding structures, and metastasize to brain, bone, liver, and adrenal glands.
Exam relevance
Risk factors: - Cigarette smoking (responsible for ~80-90% of cases) - Secondhand smoke exposure - Radon exposure - Asbestos exposure - Occupational carcinogens (chromium, arsenic, nickel) - Family history of lung cancer - Previous radiation therapy to the chest
Diagnostics: - Monitor respiratory status (rate, effort, oxygen saturation) - Observe for new or changing cough, hemoptysis - Monitor pain levels and effectiveness of pain management - Monitor weight and nutritional status - Observe for signs of superior vena cava syndrome (facial/neck swelling) - Report any neurological changes (possible brain metastasis)