Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes develops when autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells removes the body’s insulin supply. Without insulin, glucose remains in the bloodstream rather than entering muscle and adipose cells for energy. The child may be eating normally—or eating more than usual—yet loses weight because the body breaks down fat and muscle to meet its energy needs. Hyperglycaemia also pulls water into the urine. Polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, new bed-wetting, dry mucous membranes, and fatigue all arise from this osmotic diuresis. In a young child, the presentation may be less obvious: soaked diapers, irritability, reduced play, weight loss, or a sudden return of toileting accidents may be the first clues. When insulin deficiency becomes severe, fat breakdown produces ketones. Ketone accumulation causes metabolic acidosis and can progress to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Vomiting and abdominal pain can resemble gastroenteritis, but the combination of dehydration, deep rapid breathing, altered behaviour, weight loss, and excessive urination should prompt an immediate glucose and ketone assessment.