Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) block L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, which are critical for cardiac conduction (SA and AV nodes), myocardial contraction, vascular smooth muscle tone, and pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion. Two classes produce distinct toxicity patterns: (1) Dihydropyridines (amlodipine, nifedipine) preferentially block vascular smooth muscle calcium channels, causing profound peripheral vasodilation and reflex tachycardia in therapeutic doses -- in overdose, selectivity is lost and cardiac depression occurs alongside vasodilation; (2) Non-dihydropyridines (verapamil, diltiazem) preferentially block cardiac calcium channels, causing bradycardia, AV nodal blockade, negative inotropy, and cardiac arrest -- verapamil is the most lethal CCB in overdose. The hallmark toxicologic feature distinguishing CCB from beta-blocker overdose is HYPERGLYCEMIA: CCBs block L-type calcium channels on pancreatic beta cells, preventing calcium-dependent insulin release. Beta-blockers typically cause hypoglycemia (blocking beta-2-mediated glycogenolysis). This distinction is clinically critical because both produce bradycardia and hypotension. High-dose insulin euglycemic therapy (HIET) is the FIRST-LINE treatment for hemodynamically significant CCB toxicity because: (1) insulin has direct positive inotropic effects independent of the calcium channel (via PI3K/Akt pathway enhancing myocardial glucose uptake and contractility), (2) it overcomes the CCB-induced...