Decision-making capacity is a clinical determination (not a legal one -- that is 'competency,' which only a court can adjudicate) that assesses whether a patient can make an informed healthcare decision at a specific point in time regarding a specific treatment decision. Capacity is task-specific and time-specific: a patient may have capacity for simple decisions (taking medications) but lack capacity for complex ones (consenting to high-risk surgery), and capacity may fluctuate (delirium, medication effects, time of day). The four elements of decisional capacity (Appelbaum criteria) are: (1) Understanding -- the patient can comprehend the relevant information about their condition, proposed treatment, alternatives, and risks/benefits; (2) Appreciation -- the patient can apply the information to their own situation and recognize how it affects them personally; (3) Reasoning -- the patient can rationally manipulate information, weigh options, and consider consequences; (4) Expressing a choice -- the patient can clearly and consistently communicate a decision. The NP performs capacity assessments at the bedside and must distinguish capacity impairment from disagreement with medical recommendations -- a patient who refuses treatment is not necessarily lacking...