Balanitis

Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis. When the foreskin is inflamed as well, the term balanoposthitis is used. Candida albicans, bacterial organisms such as Streptococcus or Staphylococcus, viral agents, and non-infectious irritants—including soaps, fragrances, or latex—can all produce a similar red, swollen, itchy, or painful appearance. Inflammation increases blood flow and makes small blood vessels more permeable. Fluid then moves into the surrounding tissue, producing edema. On a glans covered by a foreskin, warmth and moisture can intensify irritation and allow organisms to multiply. Swelling may make the foreskin uncomfortable to move and may cause dysuria if the inflamed tissue interferes with the urinary opening. The appearance alone does not identify the cause. A red glans is a clinical finding, not a diagnosis of Candida. The history, distribution of inflammation, associated lesions, urinary function, foreskin position, and response to treatment determine the next step. Paraphimosis is a separate and time-critical problem. The foreskin has been retracted behind the glans and cannot be brought forward again; the retracted tissue forms a constricting ring. Progressive swelling can impair venous return and...