Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse (or 6 months if the woman is over age 35). Conception requires a complex sequence of events - ovulation of a healthy egg, transport of sperm through the cervix and uterus, fertilization in the fallopian tube, and implantation in the uterine lining. Infertility can result from problems at any step in this process. Female factors include ovulatory dysfunction (such as PCOS or hypothalamic amenorrhea), tubal damage (from PID or endometriosis), and uterine abnormalities. Male factors include problems with sperm production, motility, or delivery. In many couples, both partners contribute to the difficulty conceiving. Infertility is a deeply emotional experience and requires compassionate nursing support.