Overview
Clinical Meaning
During intrauterine life, the fetus of a mother with poorly controlled diabetes is exposed to elevated maternal glucose levels that cross the placenta.
During intrauterine life, the fetus of a mother with poorly controlled diabetes is exposed to elevated maternal glucose levels that cross the placenta. The fetal pancreas responds by producing high levels of insulin (fetal hyperinsulinism). After birth, the newborn loses the maternal glucose supply but continues to produce excessive insulin, resulting in rapid neonatal hypoglycemia. Fetal hyperinsulinism also drives excessive fetal growth (macrosomia), which increases the risk of birth injuries. The newborn is additionally at risk for hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia, polycythemia, and respiratory distress syndrome. The nurse monitors blood glucose levels, feeding patterns, and vital signs, reporting abnormalities immediately.
